When Mao died his only legacy was the political and economic devastation of China Essay Example

When Mao died his only legacy was the political and economic devastation of China Essay Example When Mao died his only legacy was the political and economic devastation of China Essay When Mao died his only legacy was the political and economic devastation of China Essay Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) was the official first leader to The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and no other name in the history of modern China has a more synonymous connotation with the total practice of communism and collectivism than Mao. Born on December 28, 1893, Mao was brought up in a predominantly non-industrialized, agrarian society that had gone through little social change in centuries. The country suffered from extreme poverty, isolationism, illiteracy, disease and infighting among various political figures. A natural born charismatic leader, Mao had an insightful view into the feelings of his countrymen. Beginning in the 1920s and through the 1940s, his communist lead revolution was able to out fight and maneuver an invading Japanese army and effectually push out his Nationalist Party rival, Chaing Kai-shek. While the Marxist theory of communism focused more on a working class party, Mao was able to take the men and women of China’s farming class and bring about a far-reaching revolutionary change. The beginnings of Mao’s leadership lent great promise but his actions after the revolution in regards to the â€Å"Great Leap Forwards† resulted in seeing millions of his countrymen die, than a change for the better. During Chairman Mao’s Great Leap Forward campaign, it seemed to be his genuine intention to bring China into a new age and â€Å"walk on two legs†, as he like to refer to it. The analogy was the understanding that one leg cannot propel a man forward, and it takes two entities working together for the need of the body as a whole. Mao simultaneously wanted to boost farm production and modernize industry like others had done. However, his hasty idea of turning farmers into an industrial working class of people to advance China was an utter disaster. In historian, Frank Dikotter’s work, â€Å"Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s most devastating catastrophe, 1958-62† we learn in detail about the effects of Mao’s Great Leap Forward campaign. We read in part, Signs of famine had appeared in 1958. In the first half of 1959 starvation became widespread, as villagers were hit by increased procurements ordered by the state. Evan a zealot like Tan Zhenlin estimated that as early as January some 5 million people were suffering from famine oedema, 750,000 having starved to death. Zhou Enlai put the letter figure at 120,000. Both men were far below the mark, but had little incentive to investigate further. Mao was aware of the famine but downplayed it by circulating reports showing that villages in distressed regions were getting enough food, up to half a kilo per day in model province Henan. On the ground, local cadres were unsure how to respond, bewildered by the shifting and contradictory signals emerging from Beijing. At the top of the leadership was taken aback by Mao’s outburst in Shanghai; it was an omen of things to come (Dikotter, P. 89). It has been stated that when Mao died after his 30-year reign, his only legacy was the political and economic devastation of China. In my research I will attempt to explain why the policies of Mao propelled China into a regressed state rather than a progressive one. I will explain why Mao’s policies failed along with comparing them, to a lesser degree, to his successful field campaigns before his role as Chairman.

Mental Health In Kenya Africa Social Work Essay Essays

Mental Health In Kenya Africa Social Work Essay Essays Mental Health In Kenya Africa Social Work Essay Essay Mental Health In Kenya Africa Social Work Essay Essay In many African states, mental wellness has long been a major concern. This concern is heightened by critical events characteristic of Africa, such as corruptness, political convulsion, poorness, the refugee state of affairs, and deficiency of H2O and other basic necessities of life ; the list is eternal. All of these factors add up to exercise enormous force per unit areas on the African household, by and large, and the person, in peculiar. In most instances, when physical and psychological demands compete, the physical are addressed at the disbursal of the psychological ( Gichinga, 2003 ) . Experts in the Fieldss of instruction, medical specialty, psychological science, and sociology portion a common concern over the dismaying degree of emphasis that both the immature and the old in Africa experience in their day-to-day activities. The cumulative effects of these force per unit areas are countless and frequently negative, including anxiousness, depression, craze, paranoia, and schi zophrenic disorder. Many of the victims of these force per unit areas besides end up mistreating intoxicant and drugs, ordaining gender-based force, prosecuting in promiscuous sex, and even perpetrating self-destruction ( McGuiness, et al 2005 ) . Mental Illnesss Are Different With most physical diseases, physicians diagnose the bodily manifestations of the unwellness, inform the patient of the forecast, and urge a class of intervention. Doctors, as opposed to every other group, have been awarded the right to handle unwellnesss, prescribe medicine, if necessary even cut the organic structure, and by and large take control of the patient in an attempt to mend him or her. However, with mental unwellness, several differences are obvious. The first job is that there are no research lab tests that can help the physician in his or her diagnosing ( Okatcha, et al 2003 ) . No blood or urine trial is available to articulate the patient mentally sick. Consequently, there is a great sum of fluctuation in the diagnosing of a mental upset, with changing dependability between head-shrinkers as to what specific unwellness they are seeing and what to make about it. The 2nd difference between medical and mental unwellness is that the consumers have been afforded certain rights and protections in covering with doctors and head-shrinkers ( Wrenn, 1962 ) . It is estimated that there are about 3,000 psychologists and professional counsellors ( with counsellors outnumbering psychologists ) in Kenya, which has a population of about 30.5 million ( Okatcha, et al 2003 ) . There are three groups of mental wellness suppliers in Kenya: the first group is psychologists who have maestro s grades in guidance, clinical or research ; the 2nd group is that of professional counsellors who have a unmarried man s grade either in psychological science or other related subjects, such as sociology, nursing, or instruction, and a maestro s grade in reding. In this 2nd group of professional counsellors, there are those who do non hold a grade, but have done extended preparation in focussed countries of involvement such as HIV/AIDS guidance ( Archarya, 2001 ) . The 3rd group consists of counsellors with really limited preparation in psychological science. Inclusion of these different professional groups is of import in understanding the range and hereafter o f psychological science in Kenya. In this thesis, I will mention chiefly to the first and 2nd group of mental wellness suppliers. Newly Acquired Rights Prior to the mid- 20th century, there was small concern for the rights of the mentally ill. Family members could easy happen a head-shrinker willing to specify a individual mentally sick and have him or her committed to a province infirmary. Rosenhan in 1973 demonstrated the easiness with which alternate patients ( graduate pupils stating they were hearing voices ) could be institutionalized in the province psychiatric infirmaries in California ( McGuiness, et al 2005 ) . The survey besides documented the trouble these patients had in seeing a head-shrinker for intervention and, consequently, the troubles in turn outing that they were sane and ready to be released. Through legislative reform, precedent-making instances, and category action suits following the forms of civil rights statute law, the rights of mentally sick individuals have become widely protected and enforced ( Okatcha, et al 2003 ) s. In 1986, the federal authorities passed the Protection and Advocacy Bill, sing tha t every province will hold a province office that has as its primary mission protecting the rights of mentally handicapped people. This is a landmark in the historical March of rights for mentally sick people. Deinstitutionalization and Involuntary Hospitalization for a Mental Illness The influence of altering legal sentiment on mental wellness intervention is clear when merely one statistic is reported. Prior to 1970, 90 per centum of all mental patients were committed to hospital attention involuntarily and the majority of all patient attention episodes took topographic point in mental infirmaries. In the 1980s these figures changed. The intended intent of judicial engagement in the committedness procedure is threefold ( James, et al 2002 ) . First, by set uping due procedure for the mentally sick, the person presumptively is protected from arbitrary province action that could strip a individual of civil autonomies. Second, judicial overview presumptively protects the community from those who are unsafe to the populace. Third, judicial engagement can convey individuals who are unsafe to themselves, but unaware of their demand for aid, into the intervention system. Deinstitutionalization and Public Awareness The function or influence of societal scientific discipline ( and research by and large ) on public policy is often debated. However, in the field of mental wellness policy, it is by and large agreed that societal scientists did act upon the form of the deinstitutionalization motion and sped the patient s rights motions. Thomas Szasz, the controversial head-shrinker, wrote several books that were widely read both by mental wellness experts and the populace at big ( Archarya, 2001 ) . His work was often quoted in the legal Jockey shortss of the seminal instances. His Myth of Mental Illness ( 1961 ) and Manufacture of Madness ( 1970 ) argued that the mentally sick were being labeled and so put into a coercive system dominated by head-shrinkers, non because they had an identifiable unwellness, but because they violated our societal norms and were populating a different life style that the dominant civilization found endangering. Abominable conditions bing in mental infirmaries were one time once more popularized in Ken Kesey novel One Flew over the Cuckoo s Nest ( 1962 ) and subsequently made into a widely seen film. And Irving Goffman Asylums ( 1961 ) brought place the systematic negative impact that establishments ( entire establishments ) had upon their inmates ( Dhadphale et Al. 1983 ) . These influences affected the thought of the tribunals and were responsible for conveying about alterations in the committedness Torahs throughout the provinces. Barrier and Supports Psychiatrists trained before the 1960s presumed that their work with mentally sick individuals would concentrate on clinical diagnosings and intervention intercessions. Few anticipated the dramatic alterations in the pattern of psychopathology brought about by alterations in the Torahs and tribunal determinations ( McGuiness, et al 2005 ) . Challenges emerged to such basic inquiries as who is mentally sick, who is in demand of intervention, when is a individual likely to go unsafe, who should take antipsychotic medicines, and when should individuals be treated against their will. These challenges were coming from patients, advocators, household members, and other aligned mental wellness professionals. Many head-shrinkers and other mental wellness professionals see active adversarial lawyers and hawkish former patients. . . [ as assailing ] both the being of mental unwellness and the ability of head-shrinkers to name and handle it ( Acuda, 2003 ) . Clinicians, lawyers, and civil rig hts militants see the basic issues environing the definitions and intervention agreements for mentally sick individuals otherwise. Clinicians often see lawyers as chiefly concerned with the processs, methods, and legal rules of a instance, instead than with the existent results for an single client. Attorneys see clinicians as excessively confident about the impact of their intervention modes and insufficiently concerned about the rights and picks of their patients. Civil rights militants are most concerned about the possible loss of a patient s autonomies resulting from the psychiatric intervention itself every bit good as the effects and concentrate on protections for mentally sick individuals ( Okatcha, et al 2003 ) . Each perspective positions the other with dismay and at times these points of position come into terrible struggle. These differences are clearly seen in the public debates over altering Torahs and administrative processs, every bit good as what is considered the pu blic authorization to care for mentally sick individuals. Over the last two decennaries, clinicians themselves have begun to analyze their premises about what behaviour sufficiently justifies striping person of autonomy in the name of intervention. The class of mental upsets for which nonvoluntary intervention is justified has been narrowed and has become more clearly defined through behavioural properties. Now, the theoretical account committedness legislative act proposed by the American Psychiatric Association defines a terrible mental upset as an unwellness, disease, organic encephalon upset, or other status that ( 1 ) well impairs the individual s idea, perceptual experience of world, emotional hurt, or judgement or ( 2 ) well impairs behaviour as manifested by recent disturbed behaviour ( McGuiness, et al 2005 ) . However, most tribunals continue to be chiefly concerned with the issue of dangerousness and in pattern are less concerned with the grounds for mental unwellness, irrespective of how it is defined ( Hiday, 1977 ) . Anoth er interesting tendency is that while civil rights militants criticize head-shrinkers for their wide latitude in specifying mental unwellness, for fright that individuals non mentally ill will be involuntarily committed, many clinicians themselves are concerned that the tribunals are perpetrating people who meet the dangerousness standards, but are nontreatable individuals in footings of presently available psychiatric intervention modes ( James, et al 2002 ) . Therefore they complain that the tribunals are make fulling the infirmaries with individuals who interfere with the effectual intervention of other truly mentally sick individuals who could profit from known psychiatric intercessions. By 1970, every province had revised its legislative acts to include either unsafe to oneself or dangerous to others as one necessary standard for a civil committedness ( James, et al 2002 ) . By 1983, twelve provinces required grounds of clear physical danger or an identifiable act to run into the dangerousness criterion. Almost every other had included it as one of the standards in its committedness legislative acts. However, the ability of a head-shrinker to foretell a individual s likeliness of going unsafe has been badly challenged by recent surveies. So has the impression that a mentally sick individual is more likely than anyone else to perpetrate an act of force ( Koinange A ; Asakhulu, 2003 ) . A survey conducted by the American Civil Liberties Union concluded that it now seems beyond difference that mental wellness professionals have no particular expertness in foretelling unsafe behaviour either to oneself or to others. In fact, anticipations of dangerousness are incorr ect about 95 per centum of the clip ( Archarya, 2001 ) . Yet many tribunals, irrespective of statutory alterations necessitating the dangerousness standard, continue to presume that mentally sick individuals are unsafe to themselves entirely by virtuousness of their upsets. And many Judgess continue to believe that clinicians are the most appropriate individuals to do recommendations to the tribunal refering committednesss of mentally sick individuals even though their ability to foretell dangerousness is hapless ( Acuda, 2003 ) . Again, different groups of professionals have reacted with different places to the demand that dangerousness be predictable before committedness may be ordered. Most mental wellness professionals have rejected dangerousness as a necessary component for committedness for a assortment of grounds. Many mental wellness professionals believe that dangerousness, as such, is non a clinical concept and that the intent of nonvoluntary hospitalization ( or any intervention mode ) is to supply effectual intervention to mentally ill individuals ( Gichinga, 2003 ) . Some head-shrinkers openly suggest that unsafe patients may non be treatable and are simply utilizing up scarce clip and resources that would be better spent with other types of clients who are conformable to intervention. Still others assert that there are many earnestly mentally sick individuals who are treatable and who would non run into the dangerousness standards, but who reject voluntary intervention and therefore travel withou t intervention, though they would hold benefited from such intercessions. Activities This illustration may show the complexness of the protagonism attack for societal workers. An protagonism group was concerned with protecting the confidentiality of colza victims who were being counseled at a Rape Crisis Center housed in a infirmary. They were protesting the pattern of get offing measures straight to the insured party for medical and reding services provided by the colza centre. ( The group was concerned because in many instances the female victim was non the individual responsible for the medical insurance payment. In such instances, the infirmary s measure would be sent to a hubby or male parent, whom the victim may non hold told about the colza ) ( Gichinga, 2003 ) . The advocators assumed that the charge process was the duty of the infirmary and therefore aimed a letter-writing run at that mark. Later it was learned that the charge process had been designed by the infirmary s medical insurance bearer and non the infirmary. The infirmary was an wrong mark and shou ld non hold been the focal point of the scheme if the advocators were traveling to convey about their coveted alteration. Concentrating on a determination shaper who does non hold the ability to convey about the coveted alteration is clearly an unsuccessful scheme to accomplish the ends the protagonism group seeks. And possibly every bit of import, it may hold damaging effects to the repute of the protagonism group that has expended attempt and energy futilely ( Dhadphale et Al. 1983 ) . Obviously no scheme, nevertheless orderly, can convey about a coveted alteration if the mark selected is unable to make what is being requested ( or even demanded ) . A important undertaking in specifying a job is to detect who is chiefly responsible for the continuance of the job. Who or what ( in the instance of Torahs and policies ) is responsible for the state of affairs as it is ; and who or what has the power to convey about a alteration? This important constituent of the job work outing procedure in protagonism is often glossed over and groups assume they know where the venue of control lies ( McGuiness, et al 2005 ) . Frequently, they are wrong. Frequently, good schemes fail because the purpose is on the incorrect mark. Policy Models for Successful Advocacy Gichinga, ( 2003 ) describes six distinguishable policy theoretical accounts which he contends one must take among if one is to choose an intercession scheme that will win. The first, called the institutional theoretical account, focuses on policy as the end product of governmental establishments. For illustration, an organisation seeking to alter a policy must cognize if the policy is a province policy, a county policy, or an administrative edict. After determining that important information, protagonism attempts can so concentrate on the structural agreements that are presently promoting that degree of institutional end product, and alter them in order to convey about structural degree alterations. In contrast, Dye s 2nd theoretical account, called the procedure theoretical account, focuses on the existent inside informations of the determination devising activities. Who really makes the determination that is of importance to the protagonism group? The inquiry now is, who is doing the policy and why is s/he making it that manner? What type of information is needed to convert the policy shaper ( or his or her mention group ) to see doing a alteration? ( Koinange A ; Asakhulu, 2003 ) Interpersonal influencing, persuasion, lobbying and attesting at legislative commission hearings, carry oning studies, composing studies, and assemblage and describing out informations are successful techniques when intercessions and schemes are being designed to alter determinations. The group theory theoretical account sees intergroup relationships as the key to job work outing. The focal point here is on interaction between political groups and the persons with shared involvements who have coalesced for political intents ( Okatcha, et al 2003 ) . Strategies that construct a strong political base of citizens are normally successful in conveying about coveted alteration. But others see an elect theory theoretical account as the most accurate portraiture of American policy theoretical accounts for political protagonism. Elite theory positions public policy as mostly determined by the penchants and values of a really little and powerful regulating elite ( Ndirangu, 2006 ) . Merely when these elite see a alteration to be in its opportunism will alter occur. Thus schemes include happening a self-interested ground for the elite to accept ( or better yet support ) the coveted alteration. The most often studied theoretical account among pupils of policy analysis is the rational or efficiency theoretical account. This theoretical account assumes that policy devising is a rational and logical procedure. After all of the costs and benefits of every option have been calculated, assessed and considered, the best option is rationally chosen ( Gichinga, 2003 ) . Whether this is possible in the existent universe and how close analysts can come to retroflexing the ideal is a major argument in the field. The spread between the analysis on paper and the political worlds of really acquiring the needed information and implementing the best option is the major drawback with this theoretical account ( James, et al 2002 ) . And eventually, the incremental theoretical account of policy alteration sees public policy as mostly a continuance of past policies marked merely by little incremental alterations that seldom change the general way of the position quo. This theoretical account is conservative and merely marginally antiphonal to the unfairnesss that exist in society, but is the least hazardous, normally the least expensive, and the most politically expedient. While there are many theoretical accounts of societal policy and societal action in the literature, there are comparatively few for the advocator. One job is that there is a hapless degree of job conceptualisation for the advocator to work with. If a job is non defined clearly, equal analysis is virtually impossible and any resulting schemes are improbable to be successful ( Ndirangu, 2006 ) . Whereas the job in the colza centre illustration cited antecedently was comparatively simple, advocators find that exactly specifying the job they are wor king on is normally much more complex. Every societal job may be understood from a assortment of positions. The implicit in cause of a societal job may be multifaceted, so that one political analysis and a different economic analysis may both be right. Albeit, the logical scheme designed to convey about alteration will differ harmonizing to the position chosen ( Dhadphale et Al. 1983 ) . Every component of the advocator s program hinges on the first measure the definition of the job. If several protagonism groups use different job conceptualisations, they will develop different intercession schemes that may later vie with one another and work against their chief intent. A authoritative societal work illustration may be seen in the battle for licencing professional societal workers ( Koinange A ; Asakhulu, 2003 ) . Many provinces succeeded in set uping enfranchisement or licensing for societal workers at a clip when private pattern societal work was turning and occupations in the populace sector were shriveling. Therefore, licensing was seen as a method to see a high criterion of professional pattern and a manner to protect clients. However, as the demand for societal workers grew in specific Fieldss such as kid protective services and corrections, licensing was seen as an hindrance to enrolling needed workers ( well-trained or non ) and therefore some people from the public sector began to oppose licensing as a restrictive hiring pattern ( Koinange, 2006 ) . What is the true definition of the job? The demand for bettering the quality of societal service through good trained and certified societal workers, or the demand to engage staff to carry on t he important and frequently times mandated public societal services required in a province? Depending on the definition of the job and the opportunism of the group specifying the issue, different places, schemes, and intercessions will be offered. Specifying the major jobs of people with serious mental unwellnesss has become a major obstruction for the several protagonism groups interested in their issues ( Koinange, 2006 ) . Decision Psychologists and professional counsellors do non prosecute callings in societal services because wage for psychotherapeutics in Kenya is by and large non rather comparative to the work load and in comparing to what others are paid in similar businesss ( Gichinga, 2003 ) . Merely those who manage to procure occupations with international NGOs and U.N. bureaus in Kenya receive wages that are commensurate with their work load and makings. Most of these organisations and bureaus hire psychologists and professional counsellors who have maestro s grades and above. Another ground that so few psychologists and professional counsellors choose to offer psychotherapeutics may be that Kenya has no national, regional, or local regulating organic structure to modulate professional pattern, specifically through a codification of moralss or guidelines for the proviso of services ( Wrenn, 1962 ) .. As it stands today, the profession is at hazard for maltreatments to happen. However, there are by Tor ahs and ethical guidelines put forth by single psychological and reding associations to modulate the behavior and professional patterns of their ain members. Members pay rank and subscription fees to fall in these associations. There are benefits to this agreement because members have a common codification of moralss to follow ; they portion information and instruction on assorted issues of concern to their professional pattern ; they have a stronger voice when it comes to advocacy and making consciousness of certain countries such as HIV/AIDS ( Koinange, 2006 ) ; and they have a registered organic structure to back up them in instance of legal jobs with clients and the tribunals. The professional pattern of psychological science in Kenya has been constrained by a figure of issues, such as the deficiency of statute law regulating the criterions of preparation in psychological science and a licensing board to modulate professional pattern, and irregular support to keep the viability of establishments and organisations, which may explicate why so few work in these scenes ( Ndirangu, 2006 ) . At the Agha Khan Hospital, psychologists are presently responsible for two caseloads of patients ; there is short supply of competent and experient psychologists and professional counsellors. As stated in the overview, many counsellors are non adequately equipped to react efficaciously to more terrible psychosocial crises that arise in the community ( Gichinga, 2003 ) . As a consequence, there is misgiving in certain quarters about the profession. If the subject and profession of psychological science are to function Kenya more efficaciously, they must turn to a figure of is sues. A codification of ethical rules and behavior at the national degree every bit good as statute law designed to modulate preparation and professional pattern must be formed. Low-cost Internet services for psychologists and psychological science pupils must go a precedence. Through the information super-highway, psychologists and psychological science pupils will hold entree to modern-day literature on psychological theory, research, and pattern every bit good as have chances to intercede with psychologists in other states via their professional associations. Information engineering will hold an progressively of import function to play in guaranting that Kenyan psychologists are prepared to run into the challenges of the twenty-first century. The hereafter of mental wellness protagonism in Kenya looks optimistic.

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to adapt to climate change Research Paper

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to adapt to climate change in Nereis species - Research Paper Example These pH levels range from 6.6-7.3 in the CO2 vents that exist in Ischia (Calosi, et al, 2013, 1208). Nereis zonata also has the ability to survive in low pH areas, if conclusions made after research on the relationship between Nereis Zonata and the level of organic enrichment of the sea-water holds (Murphy & Measures, 2014, 442). Imaging of Nereis succinea subjected to increased pH indicates that the pH of the porewater depended on the size of the organism, the rate of irrigation and the profile of the burrow (Davidson, 2013,17). Before the introduction of variations in the pH, the Nereis diversicolor indicate a mean pH of 7.73. This internal pH is the same when compared to the other individuals in the same species (Calosi, et al, 2013, 1221). With differences in the pH, the individuals of the Nereis genus undergo some changes. With high salinity, they tend to lose energy. However, the Nereis Succinea loses more energy when compared with the Nereis diversicolor (Davidson, 2013, 19). However, with a drop in the salinity, the Nereis succinea loses considerably less energy compared to Nereis diversicolor. The P. dumerilii loses even less energy compared to all the others, because of its ability to survive under extremely low pH levels in the CO2 vents (Sommer, et al, 2000, 283). There is a notable and consistent difference in the effect that p CO2 has on the metabolic rate between the tolerant and sensitive species of polychaete. The patterns of response as observed after research may have been arrived at through either adaptation or acclimatization. It is a fact that organisms may have the ability to change their physiology through phenotypic plasticity, also known acclimatization (Armstrong, 2013, 593). For the P. dumerilii, acclimatization takes place through selecting genotypes that have a link with phenotypes that possess the best ability to

Cellular pathology 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cellular pathology 2 - Essay Example The fibrous strands of the fat have indications of small capillaries. The cancerous cells have a nucleus that is larger than a normal cell. The nucleoli of the cells remain prominent and the cytoplasm is intensely colored with pale sports in some regions at the cellular edges (Baba and CÃ ¢toi, 2007). From the description of the above features, the tumor is slightly progressed with features of cellular alterations reaching the deeper subcutaneous tissue and involves other soft tissues including the skin. Normally, malignant soft tissue tumors display a wide range of behaviors. Histopathology is key in the grading and differentiation of these tumors. Some of the parameters that are used in the grading of these tumors include necrosis, histological type, mitotic activity, tumor differentiation, vascular invasion, cellularity and nuclear pleomorphic. In the histo-pathological parameter, grading is done where tumor necrosis is not the defining element of the tumor. In subtype one; epithelioid hemangio-endethelioma, myxoid liposarcoma, well-differentiated liposarcoma and infantile fibrosarcoma make the list in this category. The histological type with mitosis differentiation follows this type. In this category, well-differentiated leiomyosarcoma with less than six mitosis/ 10 HPF are evident. All the above types of tumor categories are included in this stage if their mitotic differentiation is more than six per 10 HPF. In histopathology type 2, there is evidence of necrosis. All tumors that are obviously not in grade three because of the lesser than 15 percent necrosis. In the third grade of the histopathology classification, the necrosis percentage of the tumor tissue is more than fifteen. This is the final stage of the tumor cell. According to this classification, the tumor cells under examination appear to be in the third staging of the histopathological classification described

Love in Different Country Essay Example for Free

Love in Different Country Essay Studying in the U.S. for nearly a year, I learned a lot of knowledge and I made a lot of friends. Some of them are foreigners. This years study is very effective for me. In the United States, I found some phenomenons are different between my country and the U.S. Now I mainly want to talk about love in the U.S. and China. The United States is a free country. The United States advocates free development. It pays attention to every persons personality. Some American friends told me that love is very easy in the United States. Both men and women like each other, then they can fall in love. The parents will not hinder the childs decision. So children can choose their partner if they want. In China, love and marriage is a very serious and very important thing. The parents always provide a lot of requirements to their children. For example, if my child is a boy, I will tell him, â€Å"Your wife in the future must be a very nice woman. Her family condition must be consistent with our condition.† because in China, many parents consider that only if both parties are consistent with their conditions, the future life can help each other, and the lives will be happy. In my opinion, I think the two points of view are so different, but each opinion has its reason. My questions are: What makes loving anybody in the United States not similar? How do different people in the U.S. falling in love It also represents the different cultures between China and the U.S. If I were allowed to choose which waysuits me, I will choose the American way because I love freedom. Notes: This needs more information in the second and third paragraphs about the reasons why each country has these â€Å"rules† about love. Then, in the conclusion, you can talk about how freedom is an American trait of love and that these reasons are why you want to choose an American style of love or choosing a partner.

Pathophysiology of Meningitis and Encephalitis Essay -- Biology Medica

Pathophysiology of Meningitis and Encephalitis Meningitis and encephalitis are two similar infections of the central nervous system that often lead to fatality of the host organism. Both diseases occur when pathogens enter the blood stream and gain access into the central nervous system. Stimulating inflammation within the cranial cavity, the pathogens continue to multiply and take harmful effects on the host. Inflammation, the body’s response to infection, ultimately causes all of the symptoms and complications of meningitis and encephalitis. The pathophysiology of meningitis and encephalitis aids in the explanation and understanding of the symptoms, effects, and underlying agendas of the two infections. Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, membranes that encase the brain and spinal cord. Although meningitis can result from protozoal or fungal infections, bacteria and viruses typically cause the often fatal disease. Known for its sudden onset of flu-like symptoms, the infection rapidly progresses into an agonizing cascade of high fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity, purpura (dark discolorations of the skin caused by bleeding beneath the skin), and possibly seizures. In severe cases of meningitis, limbs or extremities must be amputated due to the appearance of purpura. Viral meningitis, the most common form of the disease, often resolves itself without treatment within a few days. However, bacterial meningitis, somewhat rare in the United States but rampant in West Africa, requires immediate attention in order to prevent fatality. The bacteria that cause meningitis include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Listeria monocytogenes. The severity of the body’... ...ia Britannica Online. 20 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningitis.† Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 20 July 2006. MediaWiki. 21 July 2006 . Patel, Mahesh R. â€Å"Herpes Encephalitis.† E Medicine. 2006. Health on the Net Foundation. 24 July 2006 . Phillips, Elizabeth J. and Andrew E. Simor. â€Å"Bacterial Meningitis in Children and Adults.† Postgraduate Medicine Online. 1998. 23 July 2006 . â€Å"Photobia.† Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 20 July 2006. MediaWiki. 21 July 2006 . Sande, Merle A., Arnold L. Smith, and Richard K. Root. Bacterial Meningitis. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985. 6 â€Å"Viral Encephalitis.† Better Health Channel. 2005. State Government Victoria. 23 July 2006 . 7

Kodak and Fujifilm Essay

Growing up in a family that loves taking pictures and capturing moments. Kodak and Fujifilm played a huge role and are known companies to me and to many other households around the world. When it comes to the history and the competition few people know. The difference in management strategies plays a key role in the way the two companies’ embraced innovation. Complacency and slow adaptation dominated in Kodak Company while Fujifilm embraced innovation spirit and diversified in all aspects to ensure market relevance. Each of the company’s approach to ethics and social responsibility clearly reflects in both company’s profitability. With an aim to give back to the community and exercise ethical practices, production standards were maintained that satisfied consumers on both ends. A possible change of decision-making process that could embrace flexibility would be the best way to ensure diversity and innovation in any organization History George Eastman who was the founder of Kodak built a foundation of business on four basic principles: mass production at low cost international distribution, extensive advertising and focus on the customer at the age of fourteen he had to quit school and work to support his mother and two sisters. He took a job as an insurance messenger boy and was paying $3.00 a week. In 1874 at the age of 20 he became a junior clerk at the Rochester Saving Bank were there his salary tripled to $15.00 a week. In 1878 when Eastman took a trip to Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic one of his  colleague that he record the trip. Eastman had fascination about the complicated with the compelling activity of photography. In 1879 Eastman invented an effective dry – plate formula and the machine that coat the plates in large numbers. By April 1880 he leased a small office in a building on State Street in Rochester, NY and began to manufacture dry plates. Henry A. Strong a local businessman investor and in 1881 Eastman resigned from the bank and Strong and him founded Eastman Dry Plate Company. The company did have a mishap that almost shut down the company when the dry plates that they sold went bad. Eastman came up with a quick solution to recall all of the bad plates and to replace them with good ones. In 1888 the Kodak came debuted the slogan stated â€Å"You press the button, we do the rest†. Kodak made the process of taking pictures and developing easy and accessible for everyone. In 1889 celluloid replaced paper film in the camera, and then by 1891 a factory was open in factory in Harrow in north London. The Brownie camera was introduced in 1900 which was named after the famous cartoon. In1925 Eastman retires at the age of 78 in 1932 he committed suicide . In 1930 Eastman Kodak Company launched on Dow Jones Industrial Average Index where in remain for the next 74 years. Throughout history Kodak has been used to capture historic moments such as Apollo 11 in 1969. Kodak was the first company in 1975 to build an actual working digital camera. By 2004 Kodak stop selling camera with film to increase popular digital alternatives. When CEO Antonio Perez took over in 2005 Kodak was the largest seller of digital camera in the U.S. revenue .By 2007 they fallen to fourth place and by 2010 was seventh place. By2011 Kodak’s shares fell more than 80% and has struggled to maintain market share and they were hit a huge pension costs for workers. With the changes in new technology Kodak was not prepare well. The company decided in 2012 to file bankruptcy protection. The company has worked out a credit plan with Citigrioup for 950 million to keep it afloat. History Fujifilm, formerly registered as Fujifilm Photo Film Co., Ltd. was started in 1934. They became established in the U.S. in 1965. Its core business much or less reflected the businesses that made Kodak prosper in the US:  photography and imaging. The company monopolized the Japanese market, ranked second placed in photography film usage after the US. Its ambitious management ventured overseas in the mid-90s without a fear of the already established Kodak. Despite its slow growth in the overseas markets, Fujifilm developed production bases outside its hub. A joint venture with Rank Xerox, a U.K based Limited company, strengthened Fujifilm’s position in the global market. A breakthrough was imminent in 1984’s Olympics held in Los Angeles which is Kodak’s home turf. Gradually, Fujifilm started eating into Kodak’s shares in the US due to near-equal products that were cheaper and actively marketed Fujifilm’s core businesses diversified faster with realization of looming transition by the management. Its imaging domain not only focused on personal, family and media moments but also diversified in the health sector. Its main businesses include film, photographic color paper, photographic equipment, medical equipment that included X-rays, and chemicals. More recently, Fujifilm’s early preparation to satisfy the fast-changing needs in the digital world ensured it widened its business scope to digital cameras, panel displays, printers, photocopiers and a variety of optical devices Management Approaches Kodak’s management approach on pursuing innovation by representing the latest innovation in the company’s consumer inkjet portfolio, marrying effortless connectivity with Kodak’s unique combination of high quality output and affordable ink. Kodak is committed to providing customers great value and lowest total ink replacement cost and exceptional cost per page. Fujifilm’s management approach on pursuing innovation by increasing a range of fields from imaging to medical systems. Fujifilm also became a much diversified company than Kodak by having a longer term vision in store and by investing a lot. Kodak’s Ethics and Social Responsibility Approaches Eastman Kodak Company is committed to operating in an environmental, ethical, and socially responsible manner. This commitment includes maintaining safe facilities and operations and providing goods which are safe and minimize environmental burdens throughout their business life cycle. Kodak’s Supplier  Standard sets an expectation for supplier health, safety, environmental, labor and ethical performances, and formalizes expectations in which they have always asked suppliers to commit to. In 2004 Kodak were praised in the â€Å"Business Ethics† magazine for anti-discrimination policies for gay, bisexual, and transgender employees. Kodak also believed in fair treatment of minorities and women and overall their employees. For years, Kodak has played a key role of social responsibility in Rochester, New York, where the headquarter is located. Charitable donations were for years made to the symphony hall and the orchestra club hosted at the same venue. This act paid off as the company maintained its customer and got even more customer for the way it gave back to the community. Further, tax abatements were considered for the company in its role of contributing huge sums to a community project. Kodak had given the drive of the donations where it is in favor of the shareholders’ interests. Acting otherwise rather than in the best interest of the company’s shareholders to increase their wealth and create good faith with the population would be deemed unethical by all measures. Quality products produced by the company were a result of an honest recruitment process. The company ensured it only recruited the best talent to ensure maintenance of quality assurance. The process involved was undeniably ethical and in a big part contributed to the profitability of the company. Kodak’s single-use recycling program ensured that over 70 million pounds of waste was avoided. This promoted Kodak’s image as an environmental friendly company, as well as ensured that it saved resources from having to acquire new raw material for manufacturing. Fujifilm’s Ethics and Social Responsibility Approaches Fujifilm holds in high esteem the ethical and social responsibilities it is obligated to provide. In 2004, the company formed action standards of ethical and social responsibility values the company had to comply. This was inclusive of all affiliates of the company, especially the double venture of Fuji Xerox. The guidelines have since been observed by every employee, uplifting the work standards and thus providing efficiency that translates  to profitability. . The company has formed an Ethics and Compliance hierarchy that is aimed at promoting ethical and corporate social responsibilities. Fujifilm believes compliance includes acting correctly in the light sense of common sense and ethics. Fujifilm compliance statements are in all aspects of their corporate activities they emphasize compliance and endeavor to create new value. If compliance requirements conflict with business profits or the demands of third parties, they give priority to compliance. An open, fair and clear corporate culture is the basis for all their activities Kodak and Fujifilm Adapting to Changing Market Conditions Kodak management failed to a new marketplace and new consumer attitudes, they focused on selling new product thinking that its new digital technology would cannibalize its film business. Instead of marketing the new technology the company held back from fear of hurting their film business. Most of Kodak’s strength was its brand and marketing, they began to fail when they underestimated the threat of the digital. Fujifilm management were prepared more to adapting to the changing in market, they realized that there was a need for them to develop an in-house expertise within new businesses. Fujifilm also focused on applying its technologies to new areas for instance today, Fujifilm has a medical imaging equipment business in which is growing quickly. Openness: A company with a management open to the democratic perspectives of other employees and customers is one of the best ways to adapt flexibility in the decision-making process. Openness will allow free flow and exchange of ideas, information, tasks and new perceptions of various processes (Sharfman & Dean, 1997). Recursiveness: This is a term used to define the repetitive process of formulation and implementation. Feedback is a significant part of this model as the decision-making team will always rely on the feedback, negative or positive to refine their decisions. This method goes against the perfect decision making hierarchy of problem definition, followed by search, analysis and eventually choice and implementation (Sharfman & Dean, 1997). Globalizing R&D: This is a model that would delocalize the centrality of r esearch and development. This would eventually increase the scope of decision makers’   perception. Limiting research to an area reduces the chance to get global feedback especially if a brand aims at conquering global markets. Companies today should build flexibility to back up its decision-making process in order to adapt to changing market conditions by these three recommendations: 1. Have an enterprise mindset that will be open to change. 2. Be able to adapt the company’s design to changing conditions. 3. Make decisions interactively using a variety of method.

Alejandro Flores Essay

Write a 2 – 3 page paper that addresses the following: 1. How do Senor Flores, Senora Flores and Dr. Jean view this situation from totally different perspectives? 2. Why might Senora Flores have chosen to consult an espiritista rather than call the clinic when Alejandro was not getting better? 3. Which of the normative cultural values described in the Lecture might apply to Alejandro’s case? Please explain. The Puerto Rican culture has many beliefs involving individual roles within the family. Many believe that the male(s) of the family should work to provide the basic needs of the household: paying rent, bills, paying for groceries, automotive repair, and the like. Similarly, the female(s) of the house should be the primary house keeper and care giver. Familismo holds a large part in the Puerto Rican culture, and the advice of the elder family members is taken very seriously. Religion also plays an integral role in Puerto Rican culture, and some believe illness is the result of sin, punishment, or spiritual discomfort. These beliefs tie together to create culturally diverse situations regarding patients health care, and must be taken into consideration when discussing treatment plans. Senor Flores views this situation from the machismo perspective. His view is to he should be working to provide the means for his family to survive. By taking time off of work to attend Alejandro’s medical appointments, he feels that he is neglecting his cultural responsibility of working hard to meet the needs of his family as a whole. Additionally, he does not believe that the modern treatment has a positive effect on Alejandro’s condition, and he portrays that he would rather allow his mother-in-law to play a more active role in Alejandro’s care. He feels as though every time he is at the appointments, the clinical staff is ostracizing him and attacking him for smoking. Senora Flores is upset about Alejandro’s health condition, and appears to be reaching out for help in different directions. She does not want to give Alejandro all of the medicine he is prescribed, and is taking her mother’s advice by seeking the help of an espiritista. When she arrived to the appointment late, she was greeted poorly because of the tardiness, and doesn’t understand why the clinic staff is rude with her. Many Puerto Ricans believe that tardiness is accepted, even common, and that having a relaxed attitude regarding time is reasonable practice. Additionally, she is frustrated with the language barr ier that presents itself during the appointments. The clinic is providing her so much information, and she feels belittled by the staff when she may not comprehend all of the information they are providing her. She is concerned that Alejandro will be chastised due to the perception that he is weak and unhealthy. She is worried that nothing she can do will better his condition and prayers are not helping. Dr. Jean is concerned with Alejandro’s progress due to the misuse or absence of medications and the lack of Senor Flores’ interest in tobacco cessation for the sake of his child’s health. She desires to help the family, and has given her personal phone number to be accommodating, but instead Senora Flores confided in a housekeeper instead of the doctor. The family’s tardiness is an issue for Dr Jean, but this doesn’t bother her as much as not showing up for the appointment at all. Senora Flores may have consulted with the espiritista due to the lack of confidence in the medication Alejandro is prescribed. This combined with the clinical staff’s attitude toward her, and the cultural belief that illness can be caused by spiritual discomforts, could lead to Senora Flores’ visit to the spiritual healer. Espiritistas use prayers to attempt to rid the patient of spirits causing the disease. Also, Senora Flores’ mother suggested the espiritista visit, and the words and advice of the elder is highly respected in the Puerto Rican culture. All of the normative cultural values present themselves in this module, but the one that applies the most in my opinion is Fatalismo. In the study, the family seems that the fate of Alejandro’s illness is predetermined and nothing they have done or will do to ease h is symptoms will work effectively. 2010 Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and Children’s Mercy Family Health Partners Cross Cultural Resource Guide pgs. 28-29 Retrieved on April 15, 2012 From: http://www.fhp.org/fhpdocs/CrossCulturalResourceGuide.pdf ELL Assessment for Linguistic Differences guide for Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved on April 17, 2012 From: http://www.ldldproject.net/cultures/puertorico/differences/nonverbal.html

Organizational Structure Essays

Organizational Structure Essays Organizational Structure Essay Organizational Structure Essay Organizational Structure An organizations structure defines how Job tasks are formally divided, grouped ND coordinated. There are six key elements that managers need to address when they design their organizations structure: work specialization, differentiations, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization (Robbins Judge, 2009, p. 519). Most of the six elements addressed are easily defined in the hospital setting. There are clearly defined departments that perform Job duties specific to that specialization. The organization can be considered centralized, as decision making is often controlled by senior leadership. Formalization within the organization varies, mom Jobs have low formalization such as nursing, although an argument could be made that nursing has high formalization related to clearly defined policies governing work process but based on varying patient census, complexity of procedures performed, and patient assignment, nurses have a great deal latitude to perform their Jobs. An example of a Job with high formalization could be environmental services where there are clearly defined procedures for cleaning of patient rooms, operating rooms, and other 3 non-patient care areas. Chain of command is clearly defined by employees reporting o department managers, who report to department directors, reporting to associate hospital directors, who report to the Chief Executive Officer. Through observation the organization has a narrow span of control which has three major drawbacks. First, as already described, theyre expensive because they add levels of management. Second, they make vertical communication In the organization more complex. The added levels of hierarchy slow down decision making and tend to isolate upper management. Third, narrow spans of control encourage overly tight supervision and discourage employee autonomy (Robbins Ramp: Judge, 2009, p. 24). The organization operates as a mechanicals organization. Mechanicals versus organic Organization English sociologist Tom Burns and psychologist G. M. Stalker coined the term mechanistic organization. Such an organization is characterized by a high degree of job specialization, clearly demarcated vertical hierarchies and centralized decision making. It stands in contrast to an organic organization, which has decentralized decision-making processes, low Job specialization and horizontal communication channels, all of which tend to empower employees (Capstone Encyclopedia of Business, 2003). Although an attempt is made to decentralized decision-making by quarterly chats with the chief, rarely are executive decisions affected by feedback garnered in these sessions. Work-Life Conflict Such programs as the employee assistance program are available to assist employees in a variety of ways. Every employee regardless of work status is eligible for the employee Organizational Structure 4 assistance program, management is empowered to refer staff as they deem necessary. An area of work-life conflict where the organization failed was the elimination of hospital-based childcare; employees have to find this much needed revive elsewhere and at substantially higher cost. An increased resistance to change is evident when new programs or growth initiatives are introduced. The speed of change will overtake the organizations where the leaders do not adopt a new mindset, first themselves and solicit the hearts, minds, and souls of followers to Join suit on this quest to transform the organizations to successfully operate and do well in the new landscape (Moslem ; Mathieu, 2010, p. 58). Planning of new programs is not taken lightly within the organization, caref ul planning prior to implementation is viewed as critical to success. The foundation lies within the core values of the organization. Organizational Culture The organizations core values of respect, service, and integrity are part of the orientation process for each employee. These values provide a positive work culture although there may come a time when an employee requires reeducation. Regulatory agencies such as the Joint Commission and Department of Health set the expectation for the organization to operate ethically. The organization keeps its culture alive by selecting employees who have the knowledge, skills, and abilities to reform Jobs within the organization. Actions of top management also allow the culture to live through their behavior.

All Ready and Already - Glossary of Usage

All Ready and Already - Glossary of Usage Your spellchecker doesnt know the difference between the homophones all ready and already, but you should know the difference. Definitions The adjective phrase all ready (two words) means completely prepared. The adverb already (one word) means previously or by this time. Also see the usage notes below. Examples Our bags have already been inspected.​We are all ready to board the plane.​They were already in the downtown area, and they were all ready to walk from bar to bar.(Gonzalo Celorio, And Let the Earth Tremble at Its Centers, trans. by Dick Gerdes. University of Texas Press, 2009). Usage Notes and Memory Tricks Already means before now or before then: The game had already started by the time we got there.Do not confuse already with all ready as two separate words: Are you all ready? ( Are all of you ready?)(George Davidson, Penguin Writers Guides: Improve Your Spelling. Penguin, 2005)LISTEN: Mentally say the sentence you are about to write. If you pause between all and ready, use two words, all ready.VISUALIZE CONNECT: Visualize runners ready to start a race. Think, All ready? All set? Go!VISUALIZE CONNECT: Visualize yourself waiting for a friend and looking at your watch, distressed. Think, Its almost 8:00 and were already late!(Nancy Ragno, Word Savvy: Use the Right Word Every Time, All The Time. Writers Digest Books, 2011) Practice (a) The ballplayers have _____ taken batting practice.(b) The players are _____ to start the game. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) The ballplayers have  already  taken batting practice. (b) The players are  all ready  to start the game. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

Business ethics and law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business ethics and law - Assignment Example There are many ethical dilemmas that face persons dealing in sales. These dilemmas arise from interaction with individuals and agencies both within and from outside the organization. Sales personnel are prone to facing more ethical conflicts than individuals dealing in other lines of business. These persons are not as closely supervised as other workers and they play a big role in raising income for the organization. This paper seeks to document the pressures that a sales representative working for a company that provides technical support to customers may face. The paper will delve into the dilemma the individual will be facing when the organization does not hit its first and second quarter profits consecutively. The sales representative is paid on commission, and the company has not met its quarterly expectations for the first and second quarters. This translates to a fall in the company’s revenue. As an employee of the company, he or she has the duty to execute his responsi bilities with diligence and resilience as his effort is needed to realize the company’s overall targeted performance (Weiss 213). When the company is not realizing its targets, it impacts on its competitive capacity against its rival companies. Continued failure to realize targets will drive the company to making decisions on adjusting salaries and wages to its personnel or retrenching some. The sales representative is under pressure from his duty to the company to help realize its target. The sales representative has two young children whom he or she supports from the income he or she gets from working for the sales company. The individual is just but one of thousands of people employed by the company and who most probably also survive on the salaries and wages they get from the company. Having not made any sales for a while, the sales representative is probably going without some things that he or she needs because affordability is going down with the lack or reduction of i ncome. The individual and probably the others working for the company have perhaps had to cut on certain expenditures so as to make ends meet with the way things are going in the company. Family needs are a profound source of pressure in the situation facing the sales representative. 500 Company has approached the representative to supply them with 3,000 new computers. The company stands the risk to incur high costs if they do not get the computers. What does this mean for the individual and 500 Company? The individual has the human obligation to see to it that the company does not incur the costs when he or she can help. There are people who work for the company just like he or she and many others work for their company. Incurred costs in 500 Company will perhaps translate to poor stock price and or reduced salaries and wages for its workers further affecting other innocent people who depend on these workers (Weiss 215). It will also mean that 500 Company will do poorly in its perf ormance relative to its competitors. The sales representative will feel obligated to lend a hand to avoid such a scenario from happening. 500 Company needs all the 3,000 computers supplied in two months’ time. The sales representative has 1,000 new computers ready in the warehouse. The deficit of 2,000 new computers will need to be ordered from the manufacturer. Whereas the individual knows that it would take the manufacture two months to get the 2,000 new computers ready for 500 Company, he or she also knows that the manufacturer is struggling with too many orders already. The individual has the option of closing the deal with 500 Company and deliver the 1,000new computers available and order the rest from the manufacturer. How will closing the deal with 500 Company impact on the representative’s company? He or she will enable his or her company to meet its third quarter’s target and improve its stock price. What will it mean for the representative? The represe ntative will earn a good commission from the deal and he, or she

Gastrointestinal Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gastrointestinal Disorders - Essay Example Functional gastrointestinal diseases are associated with a plethora of symptoms which present biochemical and structural abnormality which is unidentifiable (Chang, Locke, McNally, Halder, Schleck, Zinsmeister, & Talley, 2010). Ageing itself is associated with numerous functional changes in the gastrointestinal tracts; such changes involve motility, intraluminal digestion, secretion and absorbtion (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, & Fraioli, 2011). Oropharyngeal muscle dismotility has a high preveilance among the elderly patients. Another functional disorder that is present in elderly patients is gastroesophagal reflux, which occurs as a result of reduced esophagal peristalsis and pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter (Park, 2011). Gastric emptying and motility has been found to be normal with ageing, however, some studies have shown that in some instances it may slow down. Structural neurological and endocrine changes lead to disturbed functioning in parts of the G.I tract. These include the propulsive motility of the colon, which is decreased due to these changes. A decrease in gastric secretions also causes gastric ulcers as the structure of the mucous bicarbonate barrier is also impaired (Park, 2011). Other functions that also decrease with age include pancreatic secretion and the level of bile salts. The above mentioned structural and functional changes along with other factors are part of the mechanisms that result in gastrointestinal diseases such as gastroesophagal reflux disease, dysphagia, primary dyspepsia, primary constipation, bowel syndrome, and a reduced level of nutrient absorption (Grassi, Petraccia, Mennuni, Fontanna, Scarno, Sabetta, & Fraioli, 2011). Evaluation of elderly patients is a complex process and may require more than one session (The Merck Manual, n.d.). The patients often become fatigued and the examination will have to be conducted at a later stage. The evaluation of elderly patients has also been assoc iated with underreporting and typical manifestations for certain disorders maybe absent (The Merck Manual, n.d.). Elderly patients often have several different problems with their health hence it is difficult to analyze the system that is affected and whether or not the pathology is a result of malfunctioning of other organs. Concomitant disorders can affect the results obtained from the diagnostic test and may show pathological signs from another system, which can be mistaken for another disease (Shamburek & Farrar, 1990). Therapeutic response by elderly patients is usually very slow as organism is undergoing physiological degradation. Drugs which are administered to elderly patients should present minimal adverse effects to other organs such as the liver as the damage from these drugs may be more severe (The Merck Manual,